He obtained a PhD in economics from Queen's University at Kingston in 2001 under the supervision of Dan Bernhardt and James MacKinnon. His current research includes diverse topics such as: the European Commission's Investment Services Directive; the practice of ?painting the tape? by mutual fund managers; the reasons why long-dated financial contracts have poor liquidity; the role of the registered trader on the Toronto Stock Exchange; and the impact of cross-listing on multiple exchanges.